Bias in AI systems: integrating formal and socio-technical approaches - PMC

Bias in AI systems: integrating formal and socio-technical approaches - PMC
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
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 Front Big Data . 2026 Jan 8;8:1686452. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2025.1686452 
 
 
 Bias in AI systems: integrating formal and socio-technical approaches

 
 Amar Ahmad 
 Amar Ahmad 

 
 1 Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 
 Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – original draft 
 Find articles by Amar Ahmad 
 
 
 1, * , Yvonne Vallès 
 Yvonne Vallès 

 
 1 Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 
 Writing – review & editing 
 Find articles by Yvonne Vallès 
 
 
 1 , Youssef Idaghdour 
 Youssef Idaghdour 

 
 1 Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 
 Writing – review & editing 
 Find articles by Youssef Idaghdour 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Author information 

 Article notes 

 Copyright and License information 

 
 
 
 
 1 Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 
 
 * Correspondence: Amar Ahmad, asa12@nyu.edu 

 
 Roles

 
 Amar Ahmad : Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – original draft 
 
 
 Yvonne Vallès : Writing – review & editing 
 
 
 Youssef Idaghdour : Writing – review & editing 
 
 
 Received 2025 Aug 15; Revised 2025 Nov 21; Accepted 2025 Nov 25; Collection date 2025.

 
 
 Copyright © 2026 Ahmad, Vallès and Idaghdour. 
 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or repro

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